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Mycorrhizal fungi Associations in Various Forest Types and Climate Change

Key Takeaways Global change, such as higher carbon dioxide, warming, pests, and diseases, has common effects on mycorrhizal community composition and abundance. The effects of drought, forest fires, and nitrogen deposition on the mycorrhizal community differ among forest types. As the temperature rises, the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is increasing, and ectomycorrhizal fungi are… Continue reading…

How Do mixed-species systems Improve Root Growth, Soil Health, and Crop Yields?

Root systems in monoculture and mixed species systems create very different soil environments that influence resource availability and microbial interactions. Root plasticity allows plants to respond to neighbors by varying traits such as distribution, rooting depth, root biomass, root length density, average diameter, and fine root production. Yield, yield stability, resource-use efficiency, land-use efficiency, and… Continue reading…

Ecosystem-Level Root Production and Mortality in Response to Climate Change

Increasing carbon dioxide produces various root production and root mortality trends in different ecosystems Temperature rises increase root production, with diverse effects on root mortality. Drought can initially increase root production, but as water deficit intensity and duration increase, it reduces root production and increases root mortality. Differences in root quantification methods can make global… Continue reading…

What Are Root Adaptations and How Do Plants Survive Extreme Ecosystems?

Root traits in plants exhibit spatial and temporal adaptations to survive in the unique combination of conditions found in various natural ecosystems. Root system’s architecture, rooting depth, biomass, and root-to-shoot ratio are the traits that have been most often monitored across ecosystems. Root systems differ in their responses to nutrient and water availability and to… Continue reading…

What We Learned in 2025 About Root Morphology

In 2025, root aging and senescence were in focus, as they can alter soil properties that affect vegetation’s effectiveness for restoration and land stability. Another trend was leveraging and improving soil beneficial microbial communities through intercropping and artificial inoculations to enhance crop sustainability. Belowground studies are diversifying into plant organs other than roots, such as… Continue reading…

What Is Root System Architecture and Why Does It Matter?

The root system architecture in plants is complex and dynamic. The factors that determine root form, structure, and function are plant type, root age, and environmental conditions. The available data is still insufficient to provide a comprehensive picture of the influence of factors on root system architecture. The function of root system architecture has been… Continue reading…

Root Structure and Function Gradients in Salt Marshes

Salt marshes are unique ecosystems characterized by micro-heterogeneity in elevation, soil, tidal inundation, salinity, and oxygen availability. In these extreme conditions, plants are adapted to each zone, so root traits also vary. Root biomass, density, tissue type, and size of roots are adapted for each of the three prominent zones in salt marshes. Salt marshes… Continue reading…

What Is Root System Architecture and Why Is It Vital for Growth?

The root system architecture (RSA) is dynamic and can change due to age, environmental conditions, and nutrient status within a species or plant. RSA plays a significant role in the underground basic plant functioning of anchorage and foraging for nutrients and water. RSA changes to respond to abiotic stresses in soil, like temperature, drought, salinity,… Continue reading…

What is Root Architecture?

The root system architecture is defined using root morphological, topological, and geometric parameters. Two classification systems developed by Yen et al. (1987) and Fitter et al. (1991) are widely used. Several other classifications for root architecture also exist. Root system forms vary between and within species and are based on the plant’s soil conditions at… Continue reading…

What Are the Key Root Traits to Improve Transpiration Efficiency?

Root traits are one of the main factors influencing transpiration efficiency or the yield produced per unit of water transpired. The root traits to improve transpiration efficiency are rooting depth, root: shoot ratio, density, root hairs, and mucilage. No root architecture type suits all species or even all hydrological conditions. Transpiration efficiency is used to… Continue reading…